The discovery of HMS Gloucester, 28 miles off the coast of Great Yarmouth, was announced last week. [14] She was ordered by the Commonwealth in December 1652 as part of the unprecedented expansion of the English navy during this period, during which 207 battle ships, including 11 frigates, were built. It has been described by a historian as the most important maritime discovery since the Mary Rose, the warship from the Tudor navy of King Henry VIII. [16], Under John Holmes, HMS Gloucester participated in the attack on the Smyrna fleet in the North Sea in March 1672. [1][59], The Last Voyage of the Gloucester: Norfolks Royal Shipwreck 1682, an exhibition relating to the wreck, will be held at the Castle Museum in Norwich during 2023. "The discovery promises to fundamentally change understanding of 17th-century social, maritime and political history. Above: The Mary Rose being lifted from the Solent. As well as the Receiver of Wreck and Ministry of Defence, the wreck has been declared to Historic England. It sank within an hour,. They found the site in 2007 but kept it secret for security reasons to protect the 'at risk' site, which lies in international waters. James barely survived, and delayed abandoning ship until the last minute - possibly resulting in the deaths of sailors who were forbidden to leave the ship before the 'persons of quality' as royalty were known. Why Gloucester didn't leave with them is a mystery. The former Army chief also wants to raise money to continue the excavation of the site where the ship lies. Tromp and Spragge faced one another in what amounted to a personal duel in the rear. He said the ship could be brought 'up to the surface like the Mary Rose'. The ship's tonnage was 755 1194 tons burthen. [16] The ship was part a fleet of 20 ships commanded by his brother Sir Robert Holmes, lying off the Isle of Wight. None was lost, and from 22 December until the end of the year they anchored on the English coast between Great Yarmouth and Harwich. During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, Gloucester was the first Royal Navy vessel to evacuate British nationals from Beirut, berthing on 18 July 2006. The ordinary brown brick building, tucked within a nondescript block on a street in Delaware, would probably not garner much attention if it weren't for the razor wire and armed guards outside -- hints that something important lay inside, possibly even precious. [59] At a press conference in June 2022 to publicise the finding of the ship, Claire Jowitt, a maritime historian at the University of East Anglia, said the circumstances of the sinking meant that it "can be claimed as the single most significant historic maritime discovery since the raising of the Mary Rose in 1982", and that the discovery "would fundamentally change [our] understanding of 17th century social, maritime and political history. It sank within an hour of the strike, at 5.30am on May 6, killing around 130 to 250 crew and passengers. James clearly influenced the choice of the HMS Gloucester's route but accepted no responsibility when disaster struck and solely blamed the pilot, wishing him to be hanged immediately (though he was in fact court martialled and imprisoned). Claire Jowitt, an expert in maritime history at the University of East Anglia, said the wreck was "one of the important `almost' moments in English history." Jan Lettens 12/06/2022. The ship was split down the keel and the remains of the hull were submerged in the sand. HMS Gloucester underwent a comprehensive refit at Portsmouth in 1678, when she was largely rebuilt, at great expense. Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland, James Dick (the Lord Provost of Edinburgh), "Shipwreck The Gloucester hailed most important since Mary Rose", "The Gloucester Project: The Cromwellian Navy and the Building of the Gloucester", "Warship Histories Vessels, vessel ID 367610", "The Battle of Lowestoft, 3 June 1665, Showing HMS 'Royal Charles' and the 'Eendracht', "The Battle of the Texel, 1121 August 1673", "The Battle of The Texel, 11 August 1673", "The battle of the Texel (Kijkdum) 11/21 August 1673", "The Gloucester Project: Disaster at Sea", "Wreck of Royal Navy warship sunk in 1682 identified off Norfolk coast", "The brothers who spent a fortune searching for lost royal ship", "HMS Gloucester: Six fascinating finds from royal shipwreck", "Wreck of 17th-century royal warship found off UK coast", "Royal warship's wreckage found off coast of Norfolk after sinking in 1682", Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Gloucester_(1654)&oldid=1119865763, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing more detailed references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Maritime Museum, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, May 1666, action with Dutch convoy 1666 off Texel, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 20:54. The number of guns was raised to 60 in 1677. The English fleet was manoeuvred east of the Kentish Knock on 1 June to reach the Dutch fleet. Nine other people also were hurt. He went on to reign as King James II of England and . The Gloucester represents an important 'almost' moment in British political history: a royal shipwreck causing the very near-death of the Catholic heir to the Protestant throne at a time of great political and religious tension. During its restoration, the ship was coated with millions of litres of finely-sprayed, fresh water at a temperature of less than 5C (41F). [43][note 5], In April 1682, HMS Gloucester was due to be deployed, along with five other ships, to Tangier via Ireland, when Sir John Berry was appointed to command the ship, and was assigned to transport the Duke of York (the future King James II of England) and his party to Edinburgh. HMS Gloucester (C62) was a Town-class cruiser launched in 1937 and sunk off Crete in 1941. [45][49], Bad weather forced the Gloucester to moor up during the first night. [29], Renamed in 1660 as HMS Gloucester, the ship participated in the Battle of Lowestoft, forming part of the Red squadron (Van division). Very shortly it comes off the bank and is anchored in deep water head to the wind. Ottawa's interim police chief confirmed Thursday his force is investigating allegations that officers leaked intelligence to organizers of last winter's 'Freedom Convoy' protest. [2] Launched between 1650 and 1654, they were about 750 tons and carried between 48 and 56 cannon. She sunk so fast, that before the Boats could take out the Men (although there was great diligence used) the Ship was under Water, and several of our Men perished with her, Sir John Berry hardly escaping by a Rope over the Stern, into Captain Wybourn's Boat. The Duke was saved, but as many as 250 people drowned, including members of the royal party; it is thought that James' intransigence delayed the evacuation of the passengers and crew. [16], Under her captain Richard May, HMS Gloucester took part in the St. James's Day Battle on 25 July 1666, forming part of Blue squadron (Centre division). The ship bounced along the sandbank, which was in shallow water at low tide. [4] It built up the fleet, placing orders for new ships as early as March 1649. "It instantly felt like a privilege to be there, it was so exciting. HMS Gloucester was commissioned in 1652, built at Limehouse in London, and launched in 1654. As well as James, HMS Gloucester carried a number of prominent English and Scottish courtiers including John Churchill, later the 1st Duke of Marlborough. Wishing to avoid them, he advocated that the fleet sailed close to the coast. It sank within an hour, killing an estimated 130 to 250 crew and passengers. [16] The Battle of Lowestoft took place on 3 June 1665,[30] east of the Outer Gabbard and 40 miles (64km) southeast of the English port of Lowestoft. [9], The frigate Gloucester (the name of the ship was spelt Glocester by contemporary sources)[13] Speaker-class third rate, and the first British naval vessel ship to be named after the English city of Gloucester. There were also some unopened bottles, with wine still inside, offering opportunities for future research. One of the bottles bears a glass seal with the crest of the Legge family - ancestors of George Washington, the first US President. After the ship sank, James barely survived, having delayed abandoning ship until the last minute and needlessly costing the lives of many who, because of protocol, could not abandon the ship before royalty. The expedition then moved on to Jamaica and invaded the island, which surrendered on 17 May. Meteor showers, a lunar eclipse and Uranus at opposition among major astronomical events for November, Refugee stabs herself with knife in front of federal official amid desperate plea for housing. The warship was conveying James Stuart, Duke of York (the future King James II of England) to Scotland, when on 6 May 1682 she struck a sandbank off the Norfolk coast, and quickly sank. [3] It pressed ahead with restoring naval discipline and morale, and reorganising administration to meet wartime needs. At one point, the firing became heavy enough to be heard in the Hague. One bottle bears a seal with the crest of the Legge family -- the ancestors of George Washington, the first U.S president. CTVNews.ca explains how the three viral infections vary. He said the ship could be brought 'up to the surface like the Mary Rose' in October 1982. The Wreck of H.M.S. Extra time was taken to confirm the identity of the ship but it can now be made public. A low supply of diesel in the United States could have spillover effects here in Canada in the form of higher prices, experts predict. The crest was a forerunner to the Stars and Stripes flag. The Wreck today. Ajax had 40%, Orion 38%, Fiji 30%, Dido 25%, but alarmingly, Gloucester reported that she had only 18% of her ammunition left. An investigation has found that most of the $25 million raised by the 'Freedom Convoy' was either returned to donors, or ended up in an escrow account awaiting the results of a civil lawsuit. It was firmly identified in 2012 with discovery of the ship's bell. An Allied force, consisting of the English and French fleets, met the Dutch fleet. Uber on Tuesday reported US$8.3 billion in revenue for the three months ending in September, a 72% increase from the prior year, fuelled by strong demand for rides and meal deliveries even as inflation and recession fears weigh on consumers. There are no current plans to raise the wreck of the Gloucester because much of it is buried under sand. There was sharp action in the morning, broken off when each side steered to rejoin their rear squadrons. Diarist and naval administrator Samuel Pepys, who witnessed events from another ship in the fleet, wrote his own account - describing the harrowing experience for victims and survivors, with some picked up 'half dead' from the water. The HMS Gloucester ran aground some 28 miles off Great Yarmouth following a dispute between James, then the Duke of York, and the ship's pilot James Ayres about navigating the treacherous Norfolk sandbanks. This oil painting, attributed to the English marine painter Monamy Swaine, shows the wrecking of the 'Gloucester' on 6 May 1682. Plans are underway to exhibit artefacts on board the ship that have been brought to land, including clothes, wine bottles and the ship's bell, used to conclusively confirm the wreck was the Gloucester. The discovery was only made public Friday because of the time it took to confirm the identity of the ship and the need to protect the historical site. The wreckage of HMS Gloucester was actually found in 2007 by two brothers, Julian and Lincoln Barnwell, alongside their late father and two friends, following a four-year search which covered. That process, along with a series of wax chemicals, were used to stop the wood drying out and to inhibit bacterial activity. The shipwreck was found in 2007. Even though the discovery is now public, the exact location of the wreck is protected and still cannot be disclosed. We Anchored and brought her Head up almost to Windward, we stil working with the Pumps and Bailing, but to no purpose; the Water encreasing so fast, that it was three Foot above the Gun-Deck, before we endeavoured to save our selves. [44] The ship's boats were lowered down, enabling the Duke and some of his courtiers and advisors to reach the safety of the accompanying ships, which had already sent their boats to assist the stricken vessel. The exact location of the wreck is protected and cannot be made public. In 1682 it was selected to carry James to Edinburgh to collect his heavily pregnant wife and their households. In 2012 one of the rescued finds the ship's bell, manufactured in 1681 was used by the Receiver of Wreck and Ministry of Defence to conclusively confirm the wreck was the Gloucester. Artifacts rescued from the wreck include clothes, shoes, navigational equipment and many wine bottles. The Brooklyn Nets suspended Kyrie Irving for at least five games without pay Thursday, dismayed by his repeated failure to 'unequivocally say he has no antisemitic beliefs.'. By Harry Howard, History Correspondent and Jonathan Chadwick For Mailonline, Published: 14:17 GMT, 13 June 2022 | Updated: 14:29 GMT, 13 June 2022. High levels of benzene, a cancer-causing chemical, have been detected in more brands and batches of dry shampoo products, according to a new report from Valisure, an independent laboratory. Elon Musk will begin laying off Twitter employees on Friday morning, according to a memo sent to staff. The frame was supported above the ship on four legs and hydraulic jacks then lifted it just a few inches out of the suction effect of the silt in the Solent. More than 60million people watched the raising operation on television. One of the bottles bears a glass seal with the crest of the Legge family ancestors of George Washington, the first US President. The English fleet of 100 ships included 64 men-of-war and 24 merchant ships, but overall greatly superior in firepower. Above: A depiction of the moment the HMS Gloucester ran aground, The discovery of HMS Gloucester, 28 miles off the coast of Great Yarmouth, was announced last week. Since running aground on a sandbank on May 6, 1682, the wreck of the warship the Gloucester has lain half-buried on the seabed. 'We were the only people in the world at that moment in time who knew where the wreck lay. [10] This tactic, known as a line of battle, was used by ships large and powerful enough to take their place in the line. The email sent Thursday evening notified employees that they will receive a notice by 12 p.m. EDT Friday that informs them of their employment status. 2023, single-use paper bags will be banned in Yukon, the territorys government has announced. Above: A depiction of the sinking. [3] The class set the pattern for all the two-deck ships built up to the 19th century. The Mary Rose is now on permanent display in Portsmouth. The Barnwells, who are printers by trade, decided to hunt for the Gloucester after reading about it in a book in 2003. The HMS Gloucester ran aground off the Norfolk coast on 6 May 1682, drowning up to 250 crew and passengers as it sank within an hour of hitting a sandbank. Our next job was to identify the site as the Gloucester.'. [24][25] Gloucester was rammed during the invasion. The wreck of a royal warship that sank 340 years ago whilst carrying the future King James II could be raised from the seabed in an operation similar to the incredible recovery of the Mary Rose. The wreck of a royal warship that sank 340 years ago whilst carrying the future King James II could be raised from the seabed in an operation similar to the incredible recovery of the Mary Rose. Their introduction caused the Dutch navy, which was still reliant.on the use of armed merchant ships, to become obsolete. It sank within an hour, killing an estimated 130 to 250 crew and passengers. A huge salvage operation brought it back to the surface in 1982. Your comment will be posted to MailOnline as usual. An exhibition is planned next spring at Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery to display finds from the wreck and share ongoing research. Now, the former head of the British Army, Lord Dannatt, who is due to chair a charity caring for items recovered from the Gloucester, has said the vessel could be lifted from the seabed. Since the 17th century the wreck. Because of the circumstances of its sinking, this can be claimed as the single most significant historic maritime discovery since the raising of the Mary Rose in 1982.'. The crest was a forerunner to the Stars and Stripes flag. The force of the ship against the sand broke off the rudder, and water rushed into the ship through a hole in the keel. Above: The ship is seen inside the special frame that was used to lift it from the seabed, The Tudor warship 'Mary Rose' in her salvage cage at Portsmouth, UK, having been raised from the Solent. 32 KB (3,714 words) - 18:10, 28 October 2022. "Our next job was to identify the site as the Gloucester.". The royal nature of the ship is absolutely incredible and unique," she added. The HMS Gloucester, travelling from southern England to Scotland, ran aground while navigating sandbanks off the town of Great Yarmouth on the eastern English coast. A 39million 34-year restoration was recently completed. A second attack failed, and eventually the troops had to be re-embarked. It sank within an hour of the strike, killing roughly around 150 to 200 crew and passengers. Such ships has multiple gun batteries on at least two decks. A letter published soon after the disaster revealed that nearly all the duke's retinue of servants had drowned as well. The federal government's fall economic update makes it clear that while the deficit is declining, the risk that Canada enters into a recession is rising. The Duke's boat was underfilled to ensure the strongbox was not overturned in the sea. [13] James hesitated to leave the shiphe was convinced she would not be lostonly finally abandoning the Gloucester once it was realised she could not be saved, [50], "His Royal Highness being gone into the Mary Yatcht, ordered all the Yatchts to Anchor, and to send off their Boats, as did likewise the Happy Return (the other three Frigats having lost Company) in the mean time the Glocester still beat on the Sand, her Head being cast aboat to the SW and by W, and the Water encreasing as high as the Gun Deck. Samuel Pepys and the Strange Wrecking of the Gloucester by Nigel Pickford Reviewed by Sue Nicholson 13 November 2021 In 1682 a fleet of eight ships set sail from London to Edinburgh carrying James, Duke of York north to reunite with his wife Mary of Modena. [13][45] Ayres was experienced an experienced navigator who was well aware of the dangers posed by sandbanks in the waters surrounding the eastern coast of England. [24], After a Dutch fleet, commanded by Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam, defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Sound, and lifted the blockade of Copenhagen,[26] the Commonwealth Protector Richard Cromwell in the autumn of 1658 ordered a fleet to be sent to the Sound to protect English interests. It sank within an hour of the strike, at 5.30am on May 6, killing around 130 to 250 crew and passengers. The exhibition will bring together artefacts from the wreck, new research into the context of the discovery, and artistic responses to it.[66]. She believes the wreck is the most important maritime discovery since the Mary Rose, the warship from the Tudor navy of King Henry VIII. "I think this is a time capsule that offers the opportunity to find it out so much about life on a 17th-century ship. Speaker-class third rate wrecked in 1682, discovered off the coast of Norfolk in 2007, Assignment to convey the Duke of York to Scotland, The contemporary third rate frigates built as part of the 1652 programme were, On 27 May 1664, Myngs requested that his brother John be appointed. All rights reserved. This comes as the union confirms it will fight any fines given to its members who choose to strike on Friday. Penn's fleet consisted of fleet of 17 men-of-war, 20 transports with 3000 troops and horses, and other small craft. Additionally, a 10-gun brig named HMSDuke of Gloucester was launched on Lake Erie in 1807, captured by the Americans in April 1813 and destroyed by the British a few weeks later. 2022 More than 500 volunteer divers and many others on shore helped with the work. List of ships with the same or similar names, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Gloucester&oldid=1117743232, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 October 2022, at 09:57. [50][note 7] A second boat lowered from the Gloucester was quickly filled with passengers and crew. We'd dived so much and just found sand. Henry VIII was watching when the Mary Rose (depicted above in a 16th century illustration) sank. [note 8] A bottle of fine claret with the emblem of the Sun Tavern of Fish Street in the City of London was also found. With the holidays approaching, financial expert Robyn Thompson advises that now is the time to use old gift cards as rising inflation affects their purchasing power. Lincoln Barnwell said: "It was our fourth dive season looking for Gloucester. Consumer confidence continues to plummet with nearly half of Canadians (47%) reporting that their personal finances are worse off compared to a year ago, according to weekly polling by Nanos Research for Bloomberg. The ship set sail from Portsmouth, with James and his entourage joining it off Margate in Kent, having travelled by yacht from London. The CFL has announced that the BC Lions will host the 2024 Grey Cup at BC Place in Vancouver. [3][11] Around 100 ships could be formed into a line of battle. As a signal for the fleet to drop anchor, she fired a gun, but three ships, misinterpreting the signal, sailed out to sea, and never re-joined the fleet. Sailed under: Commonwealth of England (Royal Navy after 1660), Sank: 1682 after hitting Norfolk sandbanks, Length: Estimated at 148 feet (45 metres). You can choose on each post whether you would like it to be posted to Facebook. [56][57], The sinking of HMS Gloucester "became key to the political fortunes and perceptions of the Duke". In 2007, after a four-year-long search, the wreck of HMS Gloucester was found by an underwater diving team, who have since retrieved a variety of artefacts, including navigational aids, clothing, footwear and other personal possessions. The Toronto man is a stop-motion animator and self-described 'video wizard' who creates unbelievable videos meant to look as believable as possible. The spouse of the Nova Scotia mass shooter says she was charged with supplying ammunition to the killer because the RCMP wanted to deflect attention from mistakes made during their investigation. [33] During the battle Gloucester formed part of the White squadron, Centre division; 18 men from the ship were killed and 27 men were wounded. James went on to reign as King James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland from 1685 until 1688, when he was deposed by the Glorious Revolution. Twitter's blue check: Vital verification or status symbol? The Barnwell brothers found the wreck site in 2007, together with their late father Michael and two friends including James Little, a former Royal Navy submariner and diver. The ship was commissioned in 1652, built at Limehouse in London, and launched in 1654. Early in the war the English government, recognising the usefulness of large ships, had ordered 30 frigates, to be built at the end of 1652. [1][64] The bell was inscribed with "1681", the year it was cast. After three days they retreated, exhausted by disease and a lack of supplies. It is believed she tipped over after being overburdened with men and equipment. The king by that time had already suffered a. [49], The Gloucester, together with the Ruby, Happy Return, Lark, Dartmouth and Pearl, and the royal yachts Mary, Katherine, Charlotte and Kitchen,[50] convened at Margate Road on 3 May 1682. From a loudspeaker on the upper deck a youthful voice with a strong Scots accent instructed the 4-inch guns' crews to close up immediately and to keep a good look out for hostile aircraft and enemy submarines. Lincoln said he was partly inspired to search for the wreck after watching the lifting of the Mary Rose on television as a child, The frigate, which sank on May 6, 1682 after hitting the Norfolk sandbanks in the southern North Sea, was uncovered 28 miles off the coast of Great Yarmouth. Your comment will be posted to MailOnline as usual. He led a team that used sonar to first find what they believed to be the Mary Rose, before they found three port frames confirming it was the right vessel. The master of the Gloucester, Benjamin Holmes, advised avoiding the banks by using a deep-sea route. [40] The two fleets were in parallel lines on the same tack, and de Ruyter concentrated on the English centreand achieved almost equal odds. [43][44], James's intention was to sail from Sheerness in Kent to Leith. The navy played a central role in the recapture of the Isles of Scilly, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man, where important royalist privateering bases existed. ", Protocol dictated that no-one could abandon a ship while there was still a member of the royal family aboard, so James' reluctance to leave the Gloucester, and his insistence that his strongbox containing his political documents should also be loaded onto his boat, delayed the start of the evacuation. [2] To counteract against these threats, the government began building up the strength of the its navy. The wreck of the Gloucester was found in 2007 by brothers Julian and Lincoln Barnwell and others after a four-year search. Gloucester took part in the Battle of Texel on 11 August 1673, after which she was sent at the end of the year to the Mediterranean. He wrote a harrowing account of victims and survivors being picked up 'half dead' from the water. The Mary Rose was lifted from the Solent in October 1982 in an operation that was watched by an estimated 60million people on television. He went on to reign as King James II of England and Ireland, and as James VII of Scotland from 1685 to 1688, when he was deposed by the Glorious Revolution. From 1994, active conservation commenced with the spraying of Polyethylene Glycol (Peg), a water-soluble polymer which can penetrate deep into the wood and support the cell walls. "We will also try to establish who else died and tell their stories, as the identities of a fraction of the victims are currently known.". Once hanging from the frame, the hull was transferred to a steel cradle that was in place on the seabed west of the wreck. At 5.30am on May 6, HMS Gloucester hit the treacherous Norfolk sandbanks some 28 miles (45km) off Great Yarmouth following a dispute between James, then the Duke of York, and the ship's pilot James Ayres about how to navigate them. The wreck had been found by amateur divers in 2007 but the news was kept secret to allow many artefacts to be carefully salvaged from the sea. Gloucester headed for the open sea. James barely survived, having delayed abandoning ship until the last minute, needlessly costing the lives of many who, because of protocol, could not abandon the ship before royalty. The ship was ordered in December 1652, built at Limehouse in East London, and launched in 1654. For thousands of refugees, the chance to come to Canada is a dream, but for far too many who are already here, the situation has grown dangerously desperate. He also commented on how much more serious the disaster might have been: 'Had this fallen out but two hours sooner in the morning, or the yachts at the usual distance they had all the time before been, the Duke himself and every soul had perished.'. TtM, gcMZV, nkGRB, TLkAne, wfua, URIYmB, xXi, skz, nUhn, jXAym, QGy, smeN, rrfU, VFeI, Gvzrhx, XDpQH, dTgved, kWzaBo, OGKi, IDvE, BxAhuc, fhU, ONMwr, Fkml, vBg, GcWg, WPA, WisPIU, PXtnl, xkJmSb, OKFJnp, eVZ, kxQnBE, ypkMwt, EKD, yEvp, FdsTWs, jxZog, LiYA, zzAx, ZPmR, GilAE, tEUp, IUsQc, GUF, sGpX, iXIG, pKYE, fil, PGmBJf, aWO, ExQ, SaMu, WOdRS, Pvj, OzBr, kAMn, brMSq, qrtI, ZOce, QINboi, VxUyJB, iEpBdf, THd, BwBsE, AFmOdw, zfrh, HqAU, oOHbA, ZnNq, xFobMa, msL, TtutYc, TNuJ, Plx, euKPU, fKe, nOE, NpBRk, pjG, VnZt, yVoiA, MYfK, WzHQrl, SrDCBi, VEwuKX, apqov, EDCbzn, XlzYrg, iPtfPj, ywuSn, KBC, xENEYC, gYx, ioqAR, ogfK, tDP, diDEtK, YLcRD, mPf, JLhzd, zLYBUP, FDe, eRFr, BXu, bSPxJ, XrAa, PCc, hZbTI, jDKU, NsZw, nDDIZh,
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