There were important movements as well in the smaller states of Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and the Palatinate. The drum machine loops are usually accompanied by simple, repeated synthesizer melodies and heavy bass "stabs". Neil L. York, "Freemasons and the American Revolution", International Alliance of Libertarian Parties, International Federation of Liberal Youth, Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment, Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and Belles Lettres, Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, United States Declaration of Independence, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Separation of church and state in the United States, Hymnody of continental Europe Rationalism. [113], In remote Knigsberg, philosopher Immanuel Kant (17241804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority. More enduring were the cultural achievements, which created a nationalist spirit in Poland. The moment in popular culture a sound playback device became the instrument was in early hip-hop. The word "rai" implies that an opinion is being expressed. So the birth of sampling coincided with the birth ofthe idea of the loop. [150] He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. [30][31][bettersourceneeded] Pigmeat Markham's 1968 single "Here Comes the Judge" is one of several songs said to be the earliest hip hop record. sold only 200,000+ total units in the U.S., which could not line up to the sales of the album's lead single "Right Round". As the tradition of remix (which also started in Jamaica where it was called 'version' and 'dub') developed, established young Jamaican DJ/rappers from that period, who had already been working for sound systems for years, were suddenly recorded and had many local hit records, widely contributing to the reggae craze triggered by Bob Marley's impact in the 1970s. The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention, also known as simply the Dell Theory, is a capitalist peace theory and an updated version of Friedman's previous "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention". Female rappers Nicki Minaj, Cardi B, Saweetie, Doja Cat, Iggy Azalea, City Girls and Megan Thee Stallion also entered the mainstream. With Khaled no longer in Algeria, musicians such as Cheb Tahar, Cheb Nasro, and Cheb Hasni began singing lover's ra, a sentimental, pop-ballad form of ra music. "[210][211] Global-themed movements have also sprung out of the international hip-hop scene with microgenres like "Islamic Eco-Rap" addressing issues of worldwide importance through traditionally disenfranchised voices. Sexy: highlights femininity and masculinity; features revealing outfits made of satin, lace, fur, and leather. Although much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. The lyrics of Ra have concerned social issues such as disease and the policing of European colonies that affected native populations.[3]. The 1st United States Congress provided the detailed organization of a federal judiciary through the Judiciary Act of 1789.The Supreme Court, the country's highest judicial tribunal, was to sit in the nation's Capital and would initially be composed of a chief justice and five associate justices. The economists Fernando Ferreira and Joel Waldfogel studied popular music charts in 22 countries between 1960 and 2007. Rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. "[137] Thompson noted the impact of Public Enemy's 1989 single "Fight the Power", rapper Tone Lc's single Wild Thing being the best-selling single of 1989, and that at the time of her article, nearly a third of the songs on the Billboard Hot 100 were hip hop songs. Ra (/ r a. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around "confessional" that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist) or Anglican issues and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the "monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority". [174] Jay-Z represented the cultural triumph of hip hop in this era. The conservativeness not only affected the way listeners received ra music, but also the way the artists, especially female artists, presented their own music. Modern authoritarian nations now have technologies that allow them to exercise pervasive control of their citizens in ways that were unimaginable decades ago. [208] They shifted the attention of the "cultivated public" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation and instead promoted the "enlightened" ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity. Thinkers such as Paine, Locke and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom. Ra (/ r a. The music performed was called ra. [159], In recent years, scholars have expanded the time span and global perspective of the Enlightenment by examining: (1) how European intellectuals did not work alone and other people helped spread and adapt Enlightenment ideas, (2) how Enlightenment ideas were "a response to cross-border interaction and global integration," and (3) how the Enlightenment "continued throughout the nineteenth century and beyond. Billboard 200 charts. Occasional recordsincluding Grandmaster Flash's "The Message" in 1982 and Run-DMC's "It's Like That" in 1984won critical approval, but rap, mostly, was dismissed as a passing fancytoo repetitious, too one dimensional. ", Pier Luigi Porta, "Lombard enlightenment and classical political economy. Some historians have marked the 18th century as a drab period in the history of science. In a March 2002 issue of The Source Magazine, Nas referred to 1994 as "a renaissance of New York [City] Hip-Hop. Summary Governments adopted different laws and regulations to determine relationships between employers and workers, protect consumers, prevent corruption, and promote a secure work environment. Though this limited the professional sales of ra, the music increased in popularity through the illicit sale and exchange of tapes. There was no respect for monarchy or inherited political power. [16] He succeeded in getting the government to return passports to ra musicians and to allow ra to be recorded and performed in Algeria, with government sponsorship, claiming it as a part of Algerian cultural heritage. [137] In a similar 1990 article, Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times put hip hop music's commercial emergence into perspective:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, It was 10 years ago that the Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" became the first rap single to enter the national Top 20. Who ever figured then that the music would even be around in 1990, much less produce attractions that would command as much pop attention as Public Enemy and N.W.A? To hell with cosmopolitanism and global convergence, they say. [232], The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. [94] Porter admits that, after the 1720s, England could claim thinkers to equal Diderot, Voltaire or Rousseau. It redefines citizens as consumers, whose democratic choices are best exercised by buying and selling, a process that rewards merit and punishes inefficiency. [8], After the election of president Chadli Bendjedid in 1979, Ra music had a chance to rebuild because of his lessened moral and economic restraints. Over the following decades, ra increasingly assimilated the sounds of the diverse musical styles that surfaced in Algeria. 2 in Canada, No. For instance, female ra artists usually do not appear on their album covers. In image as in song its artists projected a tough, cool, street b-boy attitude. [247][248] Despite being a free streaming-only mixtape with no commercial release, Chance the Rapper's Coloring Book won Best Rap Album at the 2017 Grammy Awards, being the first streaming album ever to win a Grammy Award. With the emergence of a new generation of samplers such as the AKAI S900 in the late 1980s, producers did not have to create complex, time-consuming tape loops. [128] Due to the influence of Ice-T and N.W.A, gangsta rap is often viewed as a primarily West Coast phenomenon, despite the contributions of East Coast acts like Schoolly D and Boogie Down Productions in shaping the genre. rights and find them off-putting. Some describe themselves as classical liberals or libertarians, but these descriptions are both misleading and curiously self-effacing, as they suggest that there is nothing novel about The Road to Serfdom, Bureaucracy or Friedmans classic work, Capitalism and Freedom. 9.5 Summary. John Stanley, "Towards A New Nation: The Enlightenment and National Revival in Poland". Perhaps the most dangerous impact of neoliberalism is not the economic crises it has caused, but the political crisis. However, during the 1980s, it began its spread and became a part of the music scene in dozens of countries. Brazilian hip hop is heavily associated with racial and economic issues in the country, where a lot of Afro-Brazilians live in economically disadvantaged communities, known in Brazil as favelas. Minor centers were Tuscany, Veneto and Piedmont, where among others, Pompeo Neri worked. We appear to accept the proposition that this utopian, millenarian faith describes a neutral force; a kind of biological law, like Darwins theory of evolution. This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will, the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens. In Romania, B.U.G. In that heyday, democracies appeared stable, and authoritarian regimes appeared to be headed to the ash heap of history. 3. attend an interview (shortlisted applicants). In this view, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully and therefore violent revolution was the result. Friedman termed the period Globalization 3.0, thereby differentiating it from the previous, Globalization 1.0, during which countries and governments were the main protagonists, and Globalization 2.0, during which multinational companies led the way in driving global integration. The freedom that neoliberalism offers, which sounds so beguiling when expressed in general terms, turns out to mean freedom for the pike, not for the minnows. [134] Leaders promoted tolerance and more education. [139][142], Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. To add legitimacy to this move, the Bayonne Constitution was promulgated, which included representation from Spain's overseas components, but most Spaniards rejected the whole Napoleonic project. Herc's experiments with making music with record players became what we now know as breaking or "scratching".[45]. While Ukraines brave fight against authoritarian aggression is an inspiration in the West, much of the world remains unmoved, even sympathetic to Vladimir Putin. [106] As deists, they were influenced by ideas of John Toland (16701722) and Matthew Tindal (16561733). In each case, Enlightenment values became accepted and led to significant political and administrative reforms that laid the groundwork for the creation of modern states. Previously, the Algerian government had opposed ra because of its sexually and culturally risqu topics, such as alcohol and consumerism, two subjects that were taboo to the traditional Islamic culture. [87], Although there were some early MCs that recorded solo projects of note, such as DJ Hollywood, Kurtis Blow, and Spoonie Gee, the frequency of solo artists did not increase until later with the rise of soloists with stage presence and drama, such as LL Cool J. young) as opposed to sheikh (Arabic: ) (shaykh, i.e. Latinos and people from the Caribbean played an integral role in the early development of hip hop in New York, and the style spread to almost every country in that region. Referring to "hip-hop in its golden age",[124] Spin's editor-in-chief Sia Michel says, "there were so many important, groundbreaking albums coming out right about that time",[124] Indeed, the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions, a genre commonly stressed in women's education. In 2014 the United States barred the Chinese tech company Huawei from bidding on government contracts. [270] On the negative side, Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism and he argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds. Among the delegates were two men who came to define the ideology, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. But, as Hayek remarked on a visit to Pinochets Chile one of the first nations in which the programme was comprehensively applied my personal preference leans toward a liberal dictatorship rather than toward a democratic government devoid of liberalism. Starting either from religious belief or from science, Spencer argued, we are ultimately driven to accept certain indispensable but literally inconceivable notions. In South Africa, the breakdance crew Black Noise established the practice before beginning to rap later in the decade. In the Netherlands, MC Brainpower went from being an underground battle rapper to mainstream recognition in the Benelux, thus influencing numerous rap artists in the region. The Napoleonic invasion of Portugal had consequences for the Portuguese monarchy. Cheb Khaled was the first musician with international success, including his 1988 duet album with jazz musician Safy Boutella album Kutch, though his popularity did not extend to places such as the United States and Latin America. This is why the zombie walks. Meanwhile, in France, artists like Kery James' Idal J maintained a radical, anti-authoritarian attitude and released songs like Hardcore which attacked the growth of the French far right. Andrew gives the name as "William Henley", which must be a lapse of writing. [115], Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s,[116][117][118] which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence. Regional, secular, and religious drum patterns, melodies, and instruments were blended with Western electric instrumentation. [237] Black Thought, lead rapper from the Roots, stated that the "game has changed. Democracy was still spreading. The words used by neoliberalism often conceal more than they elucidate. The MC would introduce the DJ and try to pump up the audience. [162], In the 1970s, study of the Enlightenment expanded to include the ways Enlightenment ideas spread to European colonies and how they interacted with indigenous cultures and how the Enlightenment took place in formerly unstudied areas such as Italy, Greece, the Balkans, Poland, Hungary and Russia.[163]. Roughly equivalent to an EP, contains multiple tracks but shorter than a full-length album. and LL Cool J. Trumpets, the electric guitar, synthesizers, and drum machines were specific instruments that were put into music. ), World Music, Vol. Never mind that your children no longer have a school playing field: if they get fat, its your fault. The Economist reports that between 2008 and 2019, world trade, relative to global G.D.P., fell by about five percentage points. Lieber Nutzer des Plattentests.de-Forums, wir haben uns zu einem wichtigen Schritt entschlossen: Im Forum von Plattentests.de gibt es ab sofort eine Registrierungspflicht. In Russia and India, oligarchs acquired state assets through firesales. The terms by which the restored king was to rule was a constitutional monarchy under the Constitution of Portugal. i /, / r a /; Arabic: , ry, ), sometimes written rai, is a form of Algerian folk music that dates back to the 1920s. a representative selection of the candidate's music composition work (3-4 pieces comprising of solo and chamber works) in the style in which the candidate proposes to work; and; a one-page summary of the candidates proposed area of creative work, written in English. [251] The backdrop to these developments was "an explosion of interest in the theory and practice of public elocution". You can always cry or complain. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the late 1990s to early-2000s "bling era" with hip hop influences increasingly finding their way into other genres of popular music, such as neo soul, nu metal, and R&B. From lyrical content to the album cover images, ra has been a controversial music. Learn how math educators can challenge their students to go deeper into math, encouraging them to reason, discuss, problem-solve, explore, justify, monitor their own thinking, and connect the mathematics they know to new situations. Judt explained that when the thick mesh of interactions between people and the state has been reduced to nothing but authority and obedience, the only remaining force that binds us is state power. [223] These popular works were written in a discursive style, which was laid out much more clearly for the reader than the complicated articles, treatises and books published by the academies and scientists. The genre has been met with criticism for its perceived low effort in lyrics and production,[253] and the problematic nature of the artists to arise from it, such as Lil Peep's drug abuse that led to his death,[254] the multiple assault charges to XXXTentacion,[255] 6ix9ine pleading guilty to using a child in a sexual performance,[256] and the murder charges on Tay-K.[257] On the contrary, the image of artists such as XXXTentacion have been met with praise due to perceived character improvement since their controversies. These are the needs to be seen, respected, appreciated. [204] The idea of taste (le got) was a social indicator: to truly be able to categorize nature, one had to have the proper taste, an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society. Its a conflict about politics, economics, culture, status, psychology, morality and religion all at once. Releases such as Arrested Development's 3 Years, 5 Months and 2 Days in the Life Of in 1992, Goodie Mob's Soul Food in 1995 and OutKast's ATLiens in 1996 were all critically acclaimed. It helped promote and organize new disciplines and it trained new scientists. What once was rap now is hip hop, an endlessly various mass phenomenon that continues to polarize older rock and rollers, although it's finally convinced some gatekeeping generalists that it may be of enduring artistic valuea discovery to which they were beaten by millions of young consumers black and white. Furthermore, England rejected the collectivism of the continent and emphasized the improvement of individuals as the main goal of enlightenment. In The Prepared Leader, two history-making experts in crisis leadership forcefully argue that the time to prepare is always.The book encapsulates more than two decades of the authors research to convey how it has positioned them to navigate through the distinct challenges of today and tomorrow. T he term neoliberalism was coined at a meeting in Paris in 1938. [11] Many of the major political and intellectual figures behind the American Revolution associated themselves closely with the Enlightenment: Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia; Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence; and James Madison incorporated these ideals into the United States Constitution during its framing in 1787. This was especially true on the continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. The philosophes argued that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market mechanism and capitalism, the scientific method, religious tolerance and the organization of states into self-governing republics through democratic means. Joseph was over-enthusiastic, announcing many reforms that had little support so that revolts broke out and his regime became a comedy of errors and nearly all his programs were reversed. Roy Porter, "England" in Alan Charles Kors, ed., Karen O'Brien, "English Enlightenment Histories, 1750c.1815" in, Michael Atiyah, "Benjamin Franklin and the Edinburgh Enlightenment,", Charles W. Ingrao, "A Pre-Revolutionary Sonderweg. Thomas Friedman also warns that the Dell theory should not be interpreted as a guarantee that nations that are deeply involved in global supply chains will not go to war with each other. Hip hop's early pioneers were influenced by a mix of cultures due to the diversity of New York City. [17] In 1985, the first state-sanctioned ra festival was held in Algeria, and a festival was also held in january 1986 in with Cheb Khaled, Cheb Saharaoui, Chebba Fadela, Cheb Hamid, Cheb Mami and the group Ra Nara in the theater MC93 of Bobigny, France. Works of natural history include Ren-Antoine Ferchault de Raumur's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty's La Myologie complte, ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain (1746). Trap producers to reach mainstream success include Metro Boomin, Pi'erre Bourne, London on da Track, and Mike Will Made-It. One particularly influential Enlightenment publication was the Encyclopdie (Encyclopedia). Msiques per a la recreaci histrica de la Guerra de Successi (17941715). Taha did not call his creation ra music, but rather described it as a combination of folk ra and punk. Such an environment was especially intimidating to monarchs who derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people. [30] However, the century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics and physics; the development of biological taxonomy; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline, which established the foundations of modern chemistry. [238] Similarly, a significant number of women participatedand wonthe competitions. Coffee houses commonly offered books, journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers. [34] Some were influenced by the vocal style of the earliest African American radio MCs (including Jocko Henderson's Rocket Ship Show of the 1950s, which rhymed and was influenced by scat singing), which could be heard over the radio in Jamaica. Indeed, "Funk You Up" (1979), the first hip hop record released by a female group, and the second single released by Sugar Hill Records, was performed by the Sequence, a group from Columbia, South Carolina which featured Angie Stone. December 3, 2021. But those leaders dont actually recognize them. Perhaps its unsurprising that Britain, in which neoliberal ideology has been most rigorously applied, is the loneliness capital of Europe. [184] Looped, stripped-down drum machine rhythms are usually used. During the late 2000s and early 2010s "blog era", rappers were able to build up a following through online methods of music distribution, such as social media and blogs, and mainstream hip hop took on a more melodic, sensitive direction following the commercial decline of gangsta rap. Albums such as Nas's Illmatic, O.C. [266] During this period of economic crisis, which the country's poor and black populations especially hard, hip hop became a way for the country's Afro-descended population to embrace their blackness and articulate a demand for racial equality for black people in Cuba. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; But they offer us no substitute. The Illuminati was an overtly political group, which most Masonic lodges decidedly were not. In Poland, the model constitution of 1791 expressed Enlightenment ideals, but was in effect for only one year before the nation was partitioned among its neighbors. Meanwhile, the colonial experience (most European states had colonial empires in the 18th century) began to expose European society to extremely heterogeneous cultures, leading to the breaking down of "barriers between cultural systems, religious divides, gender differences and geographical areas".[171]. The rest reflects the fact that they have you over a barrel. Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the "public" with that of the people: Condorcet contrasted "opinion" with populace, Marmontel "the opinion of men of letters" with "the opinion of the multitude" and d'Alembert the "truly enlightened public" with "the blind and noisy multitude". Theyd be more driven by the desire to settle down into suburban homes than by the fanatical ideologies or the sort of hunger for prestige and conquest that had doomed humanity to centuries of war. As the nascent public sphere expanded, it embraced a large variety of institutions and the most commonly cited were coffee houses and cafs, salons and the literary public sphere, figuratively localized in the Republic of Letters. Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book", some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. "[3], In the 1947 book Dialectic of Enlightenment, Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno argued: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Enlightenment, understood in the widest sense as the advance of thought, has always aimed at liberating human beings from fear and installing them as masters. [40], In 1776, Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations, often considered the first work on modern economics as it had an immediate impact on British economic policy that continues into the 21st century. Withers, A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present, Second Edition, by Teresa A. Meade. Ra (/ra.i/, /ra/; Arabic: , ry, [rai]), sometimes written rai, is a form of Algerian folk music that dates back to the 1920s. Lieber Nutzer des Plattentests.de-Forums, wir haben uns zu einem wichtigen Schritt entschlossen: Im Forum von Plattentests.de gibt es ab sofort eine Registrierungspflicht. Weimar Classicism (Weimarer Klassik) was a cultural and literary movement based in Weimar that sought to establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic, classical and Enlightenment ideas. [35][36] Many of the people who helped establish hip hop culture, including DJ Kool Herc, DJ Disco Wiz, Grandmaster Flash, and Afrika Bambaataa were of Latin American or Caribbean origin. Harca, harca, harca! Both in the boxing ring and in media interviews, Ali became known in the 1960s for being "rhyming trickster" in the 1960s. Andrew, Donna T. "Popular Culture and Public Debate: London 1780". [179], A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature. [239][240][241][242], In the 2010s, Atlanta hip hop dominated the mainstream. Eventually both artists were fatally shot following drive-by shootings by unknown assailants in 1997 and 1996, respectively. [277] People took inspiration from it and revived classical art into neo-classical art. [259] Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of liberalism in Europe from about 1700 to the twentieth century. [221] Eventually dubbed the "T-Pain effect",[222] the use of Auto-Tune became a popular fixture of late 2000s and early 2010s hip hop, examples being Snoop Dogg's "Sexual Eruption",[223] Lil Wayne's "Lollipop",[224] Kanye West's album 808s & Heartbreak,[225] and the Black Eyed Peas' number-one hit "Boom Boom Pow".[222]. [29] Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies, which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development. Referring to chart positions. Free UK p&p over 10, online orders only. Al Taee, Nasser. The majority of the works that were published were for keyboard, voice and keyboard and chamber ensemble. MCs would also tell jokes and use their energetic language and enthusiasm to rev up the crowd. "Recognized in Europe as the author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson quickly became a focal point or lightning rod for revolutionaries in Europe and the Americas. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. [176], The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications. Tax and regulation should be minimised, public services should be privatised. 1 On Billboard 200", "Fabolous Tops Billboard 200; Jackson's 'Ones' Now 2009's Second-Best Seller", "Dizzee Rascal Dizzee And Eminem Land Fastest-Selling No 1S Of 2009", "Kanye Defeats 50 Cent On U.K. For example, in French lodges the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. Sure, globalization as flows of trade will continue. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothque Bleue, a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes, France. Germany produced the well-known Die Fantastischen Vier as well as several Turkish performers like the controversial Cartel, Kool Sava, and Azad. 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