These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The incoming used-water flow will be conveyed around the isolated section through near surface sewers built for this purpose see Figures5 and 6. These values are consistent with the measurements of Pescod & Price (1982), but somewhat higher than those of WERF (Witherspoon et al. THE DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM PHASE 2 4 When completed by 2025, Phase 2 of DTSS will serve the western part of Singapore, including the downtown area and major upcoming A single gravity tunnel with isolation gates and additional tunnel and link sewer cross-connections optimizes system reliability and resilience from an operations perspective; and is the preferred system. Flow re-routing during segment isolation. The air flow governing equation was solved using used-water flow characteristics (velocity and depth) determined by the MIKE URBAN model. This phase of the project will create a. Wet weather flow analysis at sample pumping station. Each tunnel system has its unique characteristics. In addition, the Tuas WRP will treat 800,000 cubic meters of used water per day, making it the largest membrane bioreactor facility in the world. Option 1 was ascertained to be most cost-effective, but tunnel isolation alone would not prevent system spillage and therefore, cross connections were added to the isolation capability (Option 2). With Phase 1 of the project completed in 2008, Phase 2 will be delivered via a number of works packages to eventually complete 40km of deep tunnels and 60km of link sewers, along with associated hydraulic structures and air management facilities. In this case, the air flow is constant with distance. One such synergy is the sharing of energy generated from the combined co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge. The deep tunnel sewerage system has long term sustainability and resilience of 3-node system. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Phase 2 Overview The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is a superhighway for Singapore's used water management. The DTSS2 comprises the following: a 30-km long South Tunnel, 3.0 to 6.0 m in diameter, a 10-km long Industrial Tunnel, 3.3 to 4.0 m in diameter, the new Tuas Water Reclamation Plant, which will also include a NEWater facility that will further treat the used-water for reuse. Tunnels, Conveyance, Collection & Distribution, Program Management and Construction Management, Remediation, Restoration and Redevelopment, Environmental/Social Impact Assessment and Permitting, 40 kilometers of deep tunnels running largely under the Ayer Rajah Expressway, that will connect with the existing used water infrastructure to create one seamless and integrated system, 60 kilometers of link sewers that create an interconnected network to channel used water from the existing sewerage pipelines to the deep tunnels, Outfall to discharge treated effluent into the sea, Feasibility study, preliminary design and programme management. The contract value is S$472.17 million. Air jumpers also have the benefit of providing flexibility relative to a fully passive approach relying on the air pulling capacity of the vortex. Leighton Asia is delivering Contract T-09 of the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 Project, which includes design and construction of approximately 7.9km of used water tunnels, each with an internal diameter of six metres, as well as shafts, hydraulic structures and other facilities associated with the used water sewerage conveyance system. Year 2060 dry weather flow maximum and minimum levels. Phase 2 of the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS), a super highway for Singapore's used water management, is nearly 60% complete, with about 38km of tunnels completed last year! 2012), assuming that the air flow is mainly controlled by the shear stresses between the air and the tunnel wall and between the air and the flowing water surface, as shown schematically in Figure4. Share this. Vortex drops naturally pull air and, if the air flow driven by the vortex is equal to or greater than the incoming air flow in the link sewers, air jumpers may not be necessary. The reliance modelling showed that the connectivity between DTSS Phases 1 and 2 via the extension of the Spur Tunnel (Option 0) provides an enhanced level of resilience, by allowing some flow transfer from the North Tunnel to the South Tunnel. The used water is then treated and further purified into ultra-clean, high-grade reclaimed water known as NEWater, with excess treated effluent discharged to the sea through an outfall. NEWater will eventually meet up to 55% of our water demand in future. Nevertheless, for approximately 40 m from the steel lined section, full round HDPE lining was specified rather than the 330-degree coverage with open invert. DTSS2 is the second phase of this project, comprising an approximately 30-km long South Tunnel, a 10-km long Industrial Tunnel, 60-km of Link Sewers and a new Water Reclamation Plant integrated with a NEWater facility. In support of Singapores long-term approach towards water resilience, AECOM and its joint venture partner teamed up with PUB, Singapores national water agency, to deliver a sustainable solution for used water management. The Zublin Link Sewer-S2 C2 project team has finished the connection between the DTSS link and the main sewer which was seen as a significant project milestone. The co-location will also be the first facility of its kind in the world that was planned from the ground-up. As no negative pressure was seen in the CFD analyses or measured in the physical model, the tunnel section after the steel lining will be lined with HDPE liner since the risk of HDPE delamination due to cavitation is small. They serve to feed the sewage from the south and west into the new Tuas Water Reclamation Plant. Together with isolation roller gates, cross-connecting the DTSS 2 link sewers allows for flow bypass to perform tunnel maintenance or repairs, if ever needed, thereby preventing the potential discharge of untreated used-water, as well as the potential disruption to NEWater production. Revenue to Leighton Asia, which is part of CIMIC Group construction company CPB Contractors, is approximately A$470 million. It amounted to a total of S$3.4 billion. The DTSS concept uses deep tunnels to intercept the flows in existing sewers for conveyance by gravity to centralized Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs). The average performance of this TBM for completing its 2.88 km journey was 28.8 m/day and 347.2 m/month. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is aimed at providing a robust and efficient means of catering to Singapore's used-water needs. 1223 angel number love. 2012). Air management is a significant issue for large wastewater tunnels. A total of 19 TBMs will be used for this project, to dig at depths of between 35m and 55m below ground and seabed, to create the 40km of deep tunnels and 60km of link sewers that range from 3m to 6m in diameter. DTSS Phase 1 was completed in 2008 and comprised construction of a 48km-long gravity-fed deep sewer tunnel to a new water reclamation plant at Changi (Fig 2). The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is a cost-efficient and sustainable solution conceived by the Public Utilities Board (PUB) to meet Singapore's long-term needs for used-water collection, treatment, reclamation and disposal. For larger events a gradual flow ramping up was tested in the hydraulic model and found to be satisfactory. Phase 1 of DTSS, which serves the eastern part of Singapore, was completed in 2008. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is a core used water infrastructure which provides a cost-effective and sustainable solution to support Singapores continued growth and meet its long-term used water infrastructure needs. The resulting ratios vary from 0.36 to 0.44. A total of 19 Tunnel Boring Machines will be used for the DTSS Phase 2 project, to dig at depths of between 35m and 55m below ground and seabed, to create deep tunnels and link sewers that. Our role. Examples of measured flow velocities are shown in Figure12. For the DTSS project, population growth was taken into account by using population predictions for the year 2100, with sufficient flexibility to account for different possible geographical growth patterns. Tuas Water Reclamation Plant (TWRP) is the worlds largest water reclamation facility at 1800 MLD, Return of about 100 hectares of very valuable land that can be redeployed for other use. A characteristic of these systems is the very large inflows that occur periodically (Vasconcelos & Wright 2017). Client: PUB, Singapores National Water Agency. In contrast with tunnels designed to . Water downstream of the gate could be used to slow down velocities and this could be achieved by shutting down or throttling the Tuas WRP influent pumps for a period of time until water rises to the desired level in the tunnel. Large tunnels are increasingly used around the world for wastewater conveyance or storage in separated or combined sewer systems. The preferred system was determined based on an assessment of hydraulic performance and levels of service, resilience, cost and benefits including minimising disruption to NEWater production. It does not store any personal data. A physical model of the gate opening was also conducted at Nanyang Technological University. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The second module will then be placed above and bolted to the first module. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is aimed at providing a robust and efficient means of catering to Singapore's used-water needs. AECOM, together with its joint venture partner Black & Veatch, is the appointed professional engineering services consultant overseeing the development, engineering, and construction of DTSS Phase 2 which covers the Western and Southern parts of Singapore. When a section of tunnel requires isolation, the roller gates modules will be transported to the site and assembled within the shaft using a mobile crane and support beams, as shown in Figure10. For the realization of projects in tunnel construction, Strabag relies on individually designed machines from Progress Maschinen & Automation, a Progress Group company. This was the first rock fissure grouting in Singapore and was carried out with the help of our Global Product Team and prior experience in Malaysia. The whole of Singapore will be served by the DTSS when Phase 2 is complete by 2025. An example analysis is presented in Table1, which resulted in an average rainfall contribution of 5.1% (volume of wet weather flow in excess of dry weather flow divided by the rainfall volume over the catchment). Share on LinkedIn; Share on Facebook; . When completed in 2025, Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) Phase 2 will channel used water in the western parts of the island by gravity to a new water reclamation plant in Tuas. This second phase of the deep tunnel sewerage system (DTSS), estimated to cost S$6.5 billion, will serve the western part of Singapore, including the downtown area and upcoming major developments . ON-GOING. DTSS2 is the second phase of this project, comprising an approximately 30-km long South Tunnel, a 10-km long Industrial Tunnel, 60-km of Link Sewers and a new Water Reclamation Plant integrated with a NEWater facility. In contrast with tunnels designed to store overflows in combined sewer systems, the DTSS tunnels convey used-water all the time from Singapore's separated system. The ramping up of pumps should lag behind the flow increase to allow some attenuation of small wet weather events and smoothing of the impact to the WRP processes. The same conditions as modelled with the CFD were simulated in the physical model and the results were close. However, additional measures were found necessary to meet the system containment criteria set forth by Singapore National Water Agency, Public Utilities Board (PUB). brazier cooking; scottsdale obituaries; america express 2022 antena 1 . Assessment of an attenuated mode of operation in which the flows pumped by the Tuas Influent Pumping Station are managed to yield as constant a flow as possible in the WRP to ensure reliable used-water treatment and NEWater production. Consultant: BLACK & VEATCH + AECOM JV. The calculation methodology described earlier was used to develop an air management sytem for DTSS2. Client: Public Utilities Board Singapore Contracts: T03, T05, T06 and various link sewers. The following options were considered and optimized: Option 0: Single tunnel, with spur tunnel connection to the North Tunnel, Option 1: Single tunnel + section isolation, Option 2: Single tunnel + section isolation + link sewer cross-connections. Both factors are subject to uncertainty and low, medium and high growth scenarios were developed. Air/water velocity ratios calculated using the above equation for several different relative water depths and otherwise typical parameter values for wastewater applications are summarized in Table2. Read more at . DTSS uses deep tunnels to convey used water entirely by gravity to three centralised treatment plants strategically located at coastal areas. For the DTSS2 project the items of interest were: Analysis and evaluation of a range of DTSS2 tunnel configurations, including single and dual tunnels with gravity flow (and a downstream pumping station) or siphon flow. The tunnel and link sewers is sized adequately for the long term and is designed for maintenance and resilience. Velocity measurements were made using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based system. An emphasis of DTSS2 was resilience, as well as application of lessons learnt from DTSS1. For the hydraulic analysis, a set of 11 tunnel failure scenarios was developed see Figure3, as well as extreme wet weather events. That is more than 4,666 gallons for each person in its service area. DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM (DTSS - T09), PHASE 2. Key findings and conclusions from the hydraulic analyses included: The 3-WRP system is significantly more resilient than the original 2-WRP scheme. These results were used to develop tunnel liner protection against the high velocities. (Phase 1 and 2) criss-crossing Singapore with three large WRPs at the northern (Kranji), eastern (Changi) and . By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development, Air flow in sanitary sewer conduits due to wastewater drag: a computational fluid dynamics approach, Sewer ventilation: factors affecting airflow and modeling approaches, Anticipating transient problems during the rapid filling of deep stormwater storage tunnel systems, A sewer ventilation model applying conservation of momentum, https://www.water-technology.net/projects/deep-tunnel-sewerage-system-dtss/, Republic Export Building,Units 1.04 & 1.05. Construction on the McCook Reservoir Stage 2 is scheduled for completion in 2029. Minister for the Environment and Water Resources Masagos Zulkifli officiated the launch of the DTSS Phase 2 tunnel boring machine on 4 April 2019. The contractors were appointed following a pre-qualification and tender exercise in mid-2016, with the three contracts valued at a total of S$1.51bn. As the gates are lifted, used-water will rush under the gate at high speed. It comprises of a tunnel conveyance system of approximately 63km of Link Sewers of diameter 0.3-4m and 35km of tunnels of diameter 3-6m, adding resiliency to Phase 1 and adopting lessons learned, focusing on energy usage, operational efficiency and minimisation of land-take. A highlight of DTSS Phase 2 will be the new Tuas WRP which will contribute to Singapores long-term goal of increasing the NEWater supply to meet up to 55% of total water demand, further strengthening water sustainability and resilience for Singapore. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEWER TUNNELS FOR THE DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM PHASE 2 PROJECT. In order to construct the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2, Contract T-09, the 2nd TBM named Yuan Ching with a 7.56m diameter has excavated almost 60m beneath the ground on 15 January 2022. Construction is scheduled to commence in October 2017 and complete by mid-2023. Zblin AG. The new Tuas WRP and an advanced NEWater factory are the main elements of DTSS Phase II. Depth of. For conveyance tunnels the main issue is generally odours (Locke et al. Phase 1 of DTSS, which serves the eastern part of Singapore, was completed in 2008. In contrast with tunnels designed to store . 2013) and CFD modelling (Edwini-Bonsu & Steffler 2004). Guided by our Mission and Principles, our priorities connect us to people and communities, and ensure we continuously improve. The resilience analyses concentrated on the system functionality in case of a failure, to ensure that used-water can be safely conveyed to a treatment plant. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyse the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The ability of the vortex drop to replace the air jumpers was investigated. In total, 13 AJs and four OCFs were identified for the DTSS2 tunnel and link sewer network. Keller was awarded subcontract work for rock fissure grouting under Ed Zublin AG for the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2 project in Singapore. For the project. Long profile of water level and velocities four minutes after the start of gate opening. Other planning objectives included cost optimization, energy and land-take minimization, ease of operation and maintainability. This roller gate system will ensure proper gate alignment to minimise frictional forces when lowering or raising the gates. Without such vents, trapped air pockets can create geysers (violent eruptions of air and water) at shaft locations (Vasconcelos & Wright 2017; Brocard et al. Used water will be conveyed from the DTSS via gravity to . Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. DTSS Phase 2 deep tunnels will be a showcase of cutting edge technologies and advanced smart sensors at work. The access manholes along the deep tunnels will largely be sealed but, over time, escape pathways may develop; and the link sewers upstream will offer more opportunities for air escape if pressure build-up occurs. Out of these, the cookies that are categorised as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 2015). The novel elements include (i) use of the tunnel to equalize flows to the Tuas WRP, (ii) distributed odour control facilities and air jumpers for air management and (iii) the use of gates for tunnel segment isolation. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. The different failure scenarios were simulated in the hydraulic model individually and in combination to identify the optimum suite of resilience measures. This is a condition that can be called well ventilated sewer and a formulation (briefly summarized below) was developed to assess this air flow (Brocard et al. To assess the wet weather contributions to tunnel flows, flow records at 11 pumping stations were analysed over a number of events. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The dual tunnel option (Option 3), although it obtained higher benefits score in the cost-benefit analysis, was eliminated because of its highest risk-weighted costs. ENSURING NEWATER SUSTAINABILITY Phase 2 of DTSS extends the existing deep tunnel system to collect used water from the western and southern parts of Singapore. The used water is then treated and further purified into ultra-clean, high-grade reclaimed water known as NEWater, with excess treated effluent discharged to the sea through an outfall. A section of the 6.0 m diameter tunnel was simulated including most of the shaft containing the isolation gate as well as 300 m of downstream tunnel. Collection system modelling is commonly undertaken for large wastewater tunnelling projects, whether for storage or conveyance purposes (Lind et al. Spanning two phases over more than 20 years, Phase 1 was completed in 2008 while Phase 2 is due to be completed by 2025. Of particular importance was the specification of the influent flows to the system. The dry weather flows were specified based on population predictions and per capita contributions. A highlight of DTSS Phase 2 will be the new Tuas WRP which will contribute to Singapores long-term goal of increasing the NEWater supply to meet up to 55% of total water demand, further strengthening water sustainability and resilience for Singapore. Search for other works by this author on: Water Practice and Technology (2019) 14 (2): 409422. The air pulling capacity of vortex drops has been studied in scale models conducted for other projects, from which an air to water flow ratio on the order of 1.5 was derived (Lyons & Odgaard 2010). The OCFs will treat the air extracted from the deep tunnel at that particular shaft including air from the incoming link sewers, as shown in Figure8. Surge modelling and sediment transport modelling were also conducted, but these are not covered in in this paper. The wet weather flows were subsequently increased to account for global climate change, which may results in an increase of storm intensities and I/I. With the attenuated mode of operation, the modelling showed that this criterion was not met in the downstream section of the tunnel and a more thorough analysis involving sediment transport modelling was recommended. The physical model covered the gate shaft and approximately 300 m of the downstream tunnel at a scale of 1 to 31.5. The paper presents hydraulic analyses that were conducted for the planning and design of these large wastewater tunnels and, in that sense, it is a best practice paper. Model simulations were conducted with and without water in the tunnel section downstream of the gate. When completed in 2025 . The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is a core used water infrastructure which provides a cost-effective and sustainable solution to support Singapores continued growth and meet its long-term used water infrastructure needs. The DTSS is a used water infrastructure project being developed to meet Singapore's long-term clean water needs. The main objective then was the ability to cater to population growth. Comparable hydraulic analyses are typically conducted for the design of large wastewater tunnels. 2016). As appropriate for open channel flow, the model was operated according to Froude scaling law. To assess the situation, including the length of tunnel affected by high velocities, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling was conducted, as well as a physical model. Dextra supplied rock bolts for stabilizing the tunnel excavations and GFRP Soft-Eyes for TBM breakthrough. The existing conventional WRPs at Ulu Pandan and Jurong, as well as intermediate pumping stations, will be progressively phased out and the land freed up for higher value development. When isolation is no longer required, the drum hoist will be used to raise the gate. Aiding in the initial planning definition phase comprising: Once the gate is secured at the assembly position, a mobile crane will be used to remove the drum hoist and the gate modules. The paper also presents several novel elements and the analyses that were conducted to develop and size them. This can be seen as the opposite of the well ventilated sewer. The DTSS Phase 2 project is making steady progress. During rain events, when the water level in the Tuas Influent Pumping Station screen shaft exceeds the normal dry weather range, the pumping station will switch mode to wet weather operation. In 2017, construction of Phase 2 of the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) was launched and is . Therefore, the objective was to maintain a slight negative pressure in the tunnels. The hydraulic analyses undertaken during the feasibility study and preliminary design, assisted by the MIKE URBAN model of the entire system, provided critical inputs to decision-making for the development of an efficient and reliable DTSS2 design, which adds significant resilience to the overall DTSS. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System utilises large, deep tunnels to convey used water to centralised water reclamation plants for further treatment. herrenknechtag Congratulations to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. Pte Ltd, who recently completed a 3.8km long tunnel as part of the Singapore Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2. But a major resilience concern was to ensure that used-water could be safely conveyed to a WRP in case of a failure in the system. HERRENKNECHT Slurry TBM. Once all the gate modules are assembled, the mobile crane will be used to place a drum hoist on top of the shaft. The Singapore Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) was conceived in the mid-1990s to serve Singapore's long-term used-water needs (Water Technology 2019). Background. Phase 2 of DTSS will give a boost to our NEWater supply. In deep tunnels, however, the number of communication points with the atmosphere is reduced and attempts are frequently made at sealing the tunnel. Because much of the system is not built yet, the calibration was limited. 2011); the North Dorchester Bay Tunnel in Boston, USA (Heath et al. Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) Phase 2 will connect to the existing deep tunnels in Phase 1 serving the eastern part of Singapore and the public sewer network to create one seamless integrated system. The governing equation for the air flow is: The above equation can be used to simulate the conditions of full ventilation (no head gradient along the sewer) by setting H/X = 0. Expected to complete by 2025, DTSS Phase 2 will extend the deep tunnel system to cover the western part of Singapore, including the downtown In this attenuated mode of operation, the South Tunnel would be used for storage, with its water level rising during the day and declining at night, as shown in Figure7. To maximize the potential synergies of the water-energy-waste nexus, the co-location of Tuas WRP and the Integrated Waste Management Facility (IWMF) marks Singapores first initiative to integrate used water and solid waste treatment processes. The hydraulic model was used to evaluate the self-cleaning characteristics of the South Tunnel under this mode of operation and to optimize the operation of the Tuas WRP Influent Pumping Station during wet weather. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Tunnel isolation using roller gates and link sewer bypass loop. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Back Next. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In combined systems, tunnels are often used to store overflows that would occur during wet weather and convey these to a treatment plant after the rain event. The co-location will also be the first facility of its kind in the world that was planned from the ground-up. The topics covered include hydraulic modelling of the entire system with the main goal of ensuring system resilience, air management to avoid odours at ground level, and isolation of tunnel section using gates for potential maintenance or repair. The model was calibrated by comparison of calculated hydrographs and water levels at a limited number of flow monitors in the existing system. A significant differentiator is whether the collection system is combined or separated. Two 3.0m diameter slurry TBMs and three 3.3m diameter slurry TBMs. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is a core used water infrastructure which provides a cost-effective and sustainable solution to support Singapore's continued growth and meet its long-term used water infrastructure needs. The cornerstone of the WPAP - Milwaukee's Deep Tunnel System - involved 19.4 miles of Deep Tunnels dug 300 feet underground to help reduce sewer overflows and basement backups. Implementation of the entire DTSS will result in 50% reduction in land taken up by used water infrastructure once it is fully completed, from 300 hectares in the 1990s to 150 hectares in the long terms, PUB: Consultant Safety Recognition Award, 2020. Contractor Zublin Singapore has revealed a pipejacking breakthrough at Shaft N3 of DTSS2 (the Deep Tunnel Sewerage System Phase 2) which is going to serve the eastern part of the country. 2014). It comprises of a tunnel conveyance system of approximately 63km of Link Sewers of diameter 0.3-4m and 35km of tunnels of diameter 3-6m, adding resiliency to Phase 1 and adopting lessons learned, focusing on energy usage, operational efficiency and minimisation of land-take. CPG - COWI JV. The result can be expressed as: ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers), Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction, Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No.60, Diagnosing Tunnel Hydraulic Behavior in San Francisco, Water Environment Federation, Collection System Conference, CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association), Design of Sewers to Control Sediment Problems, Major Infrastructure Resilience to Projected Changes to Population and Climate, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, Sewer Airflow Analysis: An Integral Part of Collection System Planning, Design, and Operation, London's CSO Control Improvements Programme Air Management Challenges, Auckland's Central Interceptor: Innovations From Planning Through Detailed Design, Elimination of CSO Discharges to South Boston Beaches: The MWRA North Dorchester Bay CSO Relocation Project, WEFTEC 98, Water Environment Federation, 1998, Watercare's Central Interceptor Wastewater Model Improving Accuracy by Including Seasonal Variations, Sewer Air Management in Vancouver's Kitsilano Area, Hydraulic Model Study for the City of Indianapolis Deep Rock Tunnel Connector Drop Structures, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa, Odor Control Modeling in Sewage Drop Structures and Tunnels, Integrating Modelling for the Thames Tideway Tunnel, Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF), This site uses cookies. 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