Music, language, and food are all elements so unique in this city and so important to cultural identity. No consumption of carnivorous animals with fangs, birds of petty, and land animals without ears (. The likes and dislikes of the individual with respect to food move in a framework of race, tradition, economic status and environmental conditions1. This can be aggravated by taboos or customs which prohibit the consumption of certain nutrient-rich foods by pregnant or postpartum women. Abdul Arif Khan. The sub cultural groups must be carefully defined, as programs based on premises, true for one group, will not necessarily be successful in a neighboring group. hO0. These changes can be reflected in deterioration in the health of both animals and man. 2. This results in extensive abrasion of the teeth. Appreciation of the interaction of culture and nutrition may be of benefit to physicians and nutritionists in clinical practice and to those concerned with the prevention of nutrition related chronic diseases. Is it our job to go into Russia and tell them that consuming alcohol at lunch business meetings, and drinking heavily every day of the week is wrong? Nutritional assessment may be complicated by cultural variation. These factors determine the physical character of the food, and this affects the vigor and duration of mastication. While many food factors are involved, chief among them is the disproportionate consumption of foods high in fat, often at the expense of foods high in complex carbohydrates and fiber that may be more conducive to health. Take for example, the common practice of same-sex friends in India walking in public while holding hands. A persons belief and value system should be understood in the context of his own culture rather than against the criteria of another culture. In cultural relativism, you get to pursue your own interests without restriction. Comments should be civil and on topic. Is our goal to eliminate every unhealthy behavior that exists, and if not, where do we draw the line? Required fields are marked *. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Factors influencing standards of nutrition Soil management.-As an omnivorous animal, man obtains his food from both animal and vegetable sources. People differ greatly in their sensory response to foods. I see food as one of the major causes of poor health and the key to eliminating health disparities; but this is where I am stuck. It gives people an opportunity to change who they are at a core level without suffering consequences because of those actions. Respect is encouraged in a system of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself. Klatsky M. (1948) cited in N. Davies. Balendra W. (1949) cited in N. Davies. Imagine a culture which deems murder to be an ethical action. From this it is clear that any study of the diet in relation to dental caries should not be restricted to an evaluation of its carbohydrate content. As a. The rate of obesity in New Orleans is four points higher than the national average and 64% of adults are overweight or obese. Examples of dietary preferences according to some cultural and religious beliefs. Nutrition education in public health programs- what have we learned. Honey, molasses, and sugar products are preferred as snacks. For example, the attitude toward corn among Mexican Indians is religious. Accordingly, there is no absolute reference to judge truth, beauty, or goodness other than one's own culture. Age, sex and mental state are factors of importance. Anitha, Reader, Dept Of Public Health Dentistry, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath University, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600100, DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/757, Reddy S, Anitha M. Culture and its Influence on Nutrition and Oral Health. Based off of each individual society, certain acts are considered good while others are considered evil. Cultural relativism is a vital tool in anthropology. Methods of cooking have a marked effect not only on the physical character of the food as consumed but also on the nutritive value of the diet. In this case, being nude is not considered a sexual suggestion but an appropriate bodily state. Someone can state that their actions are part of their culture and cultural relativism would ask that the traditions be honored, even if illegal. Several countries have used cultural relativism as a reason for limiting rights in the Universal Declaration of the Human Right. Familial and cultural perceptions and beliefs of oral hygiene and dietary practices among ethnically and socio-economically diverse groups. 2. Food habits are one of the most complex aspects of human behavior, being determined by multiple motives and directed and controlled by multiple stimuli. Morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits. School based nutrition education programs targeted toward very specific eating behaviors are showing very promising results in regard to behavior and attitude change of children and adolescents. Frying and boiling are the most common preparation methods. particular culture can be applied to everyone from that culture. That kind of choice tends to foster internal resentment because those who disagree feel like they have no way to present their own culture into the conversation. High incidence of lactose intolerance; traditional alternative sources of calcium include tofu, soy milk, small bones in fish and poultry. The idea was subsequently popularized by some of his students. For example, it explains why what constitutes breakfast vary from place to place. Many people are strict vegetarians for religious reasons. Yupik's marriage practices are very different from those . The concept of cultural relativism covers a wide area of human interactions, beliefs, values, and practices. Occlusal surfaces are worn down below the maximum circumference of the teeth, and the proximal enamel breaks away, creating a space into which food becomes impacted. The relationship between ethnicity and nutrition may be of evolutionary significance. However, they have also stated: These findings do not prove that total nutrition and periodontal disease are unrelated; before any progress can be made towards answering this question, thorough dietary and nutritional surveys are needed, both in groups with a low prevalence of periodontal disease and in groups with a very high prevalence.. While vices such as drug smuggling, stealing, and murder require a moral judgment, adherent to the concept of cultural relativism cannot outright denounce such as wrong. Wheat and rice are primary grain products. 1. These factors vary widely in accordance with local custom or habit. (1956) Cited in G. N. Davies. It develops new ideas. As such, it does not claim to define right or wrong behavior. A plant or animal may be considered edible in one society and inedible in another. According to Kreshover (1956)9, the incidence of oral manifestations of nutritional deficiencies is probably much less than commonly thought. 1999. by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. These have shown that alterations in the prevalence of caries have accompanied changes in the frequency with which sugar and sugar products, such as candy, sugar-containing cookies, and cakes, have been consumed. You set the definitions of what you can have and what you cannot have. Cultural relativism is a position that has a few important principles we should discuss. However, it is not enough merely to arrange to increase the available food supply. 1Sreedhar Reddy,MDS, Dept Of Public Health Dentistry, Tagore Dental College and Hospital, Rathinamangalam, Melakottaiyur Post, Chennai 600127 Available from: http://biomedpharmajournal.org/?p=3340>. Abdul Arif Khan et al (2008)8 had conducted a study on prevalence of dental caries among the population of Gwalior (India) in relation of different associated factors. hbbd``b` $[A2`q 2X"@S:e $1012 Y This study supports the hypothesis that parental attitudes significantly has an impact on the establishment of habits favorable to oral health. Paradoxically, the food that defines the culture and makes New Orleans so great, is killing its people. In sociology, the concept is practiced to overcome the problem of cultural bias that has plagued research. Food beliefs may have beneficial or detrimental effects on health status. To define cultural relativism, you must understand two terms relevant to the topic. In different cultures, certain foods are considered heavy, some are light some as foods for strength; some as luxury, etc1. on the prevalence of dental caries, which can be helpful to counteract the potential increase in the cases of dental caries and to design and plan preventive strategies for the persons at greatest risk. It is linked to but always distinguished from moral relativism, a concept that views morality as relative to a given standard. Instead of outright and immediate condemnation for perceived gaps in morality, there is an opportunity to look at the world through the eyes of another. The second principle, which is usually more difficult to apply, is that the psychologic and social functions of these practices, beliefs, and attitudes need to be evaluated. The relation of nutrition to dental health. Where nutrition education has proved disappointing in the past, could it be that retention of customs has been as turbulent a thing as that of the villagers. In Africa, for example, the prevalence of Kwashiorkor is higher in areas with a cash-crop economy than in less sophisticated areas where mixed farming is still practiced. In some parts of the world, nudity is considered an inherently sexual thing with people interpreting it as a sexual indicator. 410 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<30C8468ACB328640BB052E4D80151FF7>]/Index[397 22]/Info 396 0 R/Length 72/Prev 241784/Root 398 0 R/Size 419/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream As stated by Benjamin Paul3, It is relatively easy to perceive that others have different customs and beliefs, especially if they are odd or curious. Social Customs and Habits and Their Effect on Oral Disease. 2. It is also widely advocated in most highly developed countries. Much of it is marinated, chopped or ground, and often mixed with vegetables and cereals. In international relations, cultural relativists . Changes will be acceptable only if they are in keeping with the established food habits of the people. Cultural relativism refers to the idea that the values, knowledge, and behavior of people must be understood within their own cultural context. Several observers have noticed that some people who habitually chew sugar cane (but do not eat refined sugar) have a relatively low caries rate. People can learn much from one another. The manner in which nutritional factors may affect dental health is shown in Figure2.3. Puline M Adair, Cynthia M Pine et al (2004)7 had conducted a study on familial and cultural perceptions and beliefs of oral hygiene and dietary practices among ethnically and socio-economically diverse groups. Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture. Sometimes traditional methods of preservation have been lost as a result of outside contact. In parts of Africa, poor storage methods have resulted in the development of toxic elements in rice. Further studies are required, however, to determine whether or not the incidence of caries can be reduced by altering the physical character of the food in people who frequently consume sticky, refined sugar preparations. In many underdeveloped countries the traditional horticultural and agricultural practices are primitive, but they do maintain the fertility of the soil. Health workers should have an intimate detailed knowledge of the peoples beliefs, attitudes, knowledge and behavior before attempting to introduce any innovation into an area. N.Y. Acad. Attitudes were significantly different in families from deprived and non-deprived backgrounds and in families of children with and without caries. This view, however, is not supported by modern orthodontists. From their point of view, they frame other cultures as weird and exotic. First, cultural relativism states that different societies have different moral codes. Practices related to maternal and infant feeding.-In some societies an infant is breast-fed or offered other food after punishment or when it cries. The relationship of some dietary factors to dental health is shown in Figure 2.3. Food acceptance is a complex reaction influenced by biochemical, physiological, psychological, social and educational factors. Fig. Bull. Thus, any judgment on what is true or wrong depends on the societys rules, culture, and belief system. endstream endobj startxref Therefore, every deed in society is subject to an individual's cultural perspective or simply an . However, the actual nutrients involved have not been determined. Biomed Pharmacol J 2015;8(October Spl Edition). No consumption of animals slaughtered without pronouncing the name of Allah or killed in manner that prohibits the complete draining of blood from their bodies. Nelson Freimer. In most cases, the food requires vigorous mastication, and the diet contains little or no refined carbohydrate. Basically,. Cultural relativism is one of the most important concepts in the field of sociology, affirming and recognizing the relationship between social structure and the day-to-day life of an individual. Such foods appear to be universally acceptable not only because of their pleasant taste but also because of their cheapness and the fact that they can be stored for comparatively long periods of time. Two widely recommended strategies for incorporating nutrition education directed toward children and youth into health promotion and disease prevention efforts are school-based nutrition education and the integration of nutritional care into health care. They found that incidence of dental caries was higher in female. Fibrous or tough food will promote the clearance of food debris from the mouth, only if it is eaten at the end of a meal. Other cultural differences that must be tolerated include the role of different members of the family, religion and religious practices, and community leadership. Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one's own culture. Cultural relativism is based on the fact that there is no specific ground rule for what is good or evil. 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